Grammar: Building Complex Sentences

Using a mix of simple and complex sentences is a key requirement for a Band 7 or higher in 'Grammatical Range and Accuracy'.

What is a Complex Sentence?

A complex sentence is made from one independent clause (a complete sentence) and one or more dependent clauses (incomplete sentences). These clauses are linked by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.

Example:

"Although the government has invested in public transport, many people still prefer to drive their own cars."

Using Subordinating Conjunctions

These words connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. They show a relationship like cause/effect, contrast, or time.

Common words:

althoughbecausewhilesinceifunlesswhereas

Example:

"Because the internet provides access to vast amounts of information, online learning has become increasingly popular."

Using Relative Clauses

A relative clause adds extra information about a noun. It starts with a relative pronoun.

Common words:

who (for people)which (for things)that (for people/things)whose (for possession)where (for places)

Example:

"The scientist who discovered the vaccine was awarded a Nobel prize."

Conditional Sentences (If-clauses)

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. Type 1 (real possibility) and Type 2 (unreal/hypothetical situation) are very useful in IELTS.

Common words:

Type 1: If + present simple, ... will + base verbType 2: If + past simple, ... would + base verb

Example:

"If cities invest in better cycling infrastructure, more people will choose to cycle to work."